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Like
it or not, archaeology is one of those professions that seems designed to
feature in the ‘and finally’ slot on the news, or help round out a couple of
column-inches in the tabloids: ‘Boffins say boat find is older than Stonehenge’
– that kind of thing. In today’s world of instant global communications and huge
volume of interesting and stimulating discoveries, this can often be the first
way that even professional archaeologists find out about important discoveries
– either reading it directly from the paper/website, or being told about it by
a non-archaeologist friend or acquaintance. I have lost count of the number of
times I have been introduced to someone as an archaeologist to be greeted with
‘have you heard about the amazing discovery in X – it was in the paper only
last week’. In these situations you can be pretty much guaranteed that if the
journalist didn’t misunderstand or misrepresent the story, then the person retelling it did. I remember clearly that I was working on an excavation
in the middle of a construction site in 2006/7 when one of the digger drivers
came to tell me about the archaeology story he had read in the paper. Those
wacky archaeologists had only gone and dug up a Ford Transit van! I was pretty
sure that something had gone awry in the communication of this tale … perhaps
they had found a chariot and compared it to a modern Transit Van? No –
apparently not! As anyone who has worked in commercial archaeology can attest,
we’re not always the most popular sight to developers and brickies. As this
story made the rounds it appeared to only confirm our reputation as a bunch of
tree-hugging nutters, determined to prevent good, honest companies from making
their rightful profit on the building boom that was going to last forever.
Due
to whatever quirk of fate, I managed to keep hearing this story for quite some
time without ever encountering the actual facts behind it. I’m sure that I
could have done a bit of searching on the internet and quickly come up with an
answer, but I did not. Perhaps I didn’t want to give credence to this
preposterous tale – perhaps I was even afraid that it was true! In any case, I
did not read the full facts of the case until I got my copy of British
Archaeology (Newland et al. 2007).
For anyone not familiar with the case, archaeologists from the Department of
Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Bristol decided to apply
archaeological techniques to the dismantling/excavation of a 1991 Ford Transit
Van. From the first, I admit, I was conflicted by this story. On one hand, when
I was an undergraduate, my old head of department (the late Etienne Rynne) would regularly inform us
that ‘archaeology ended yesterday’ – humanity in its entirety, from the
Palaeolithic to the most recent events, came within the remit of archaeology.
On the side of the debate was the fact that field archaeologists have enough of
a hard time being taken seriously without this further stumbling block being
placed in our way. At the time I remember feeling that the authors reasoning
and logic were impeccable, but I just wished that they had not chosen to turn
what could have been an interesting and rewarding thought-experiment into a
reality. I felt like the Bishop’s wife in the apocryphal story about the
reaction to Darwin’s ‘On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection’:
“My dear, we will hope it is not true. But if it is, let us pray that it may
not become generally known”. Over the intervening years I have seen this story
dragged out (with far too great a frequency) by non-archaeologists (chiefly
developers and their agents who don’t want to pay for excavations) as evidence
that the entire profession is ‘wired to the moon’. I’ve also seen the story
wheeled out by field archaeologists as further evidence (if it were necessary)
that ‘the theory lot’ had finally overstepped the mark. The feeling among some
of the more hard-core prehistorians was that this was the inevitable
consequence of dabbling in such recent fields as the Iron Age and Medieval
periods. In the interests of openness and honesty, I should put on record that
at that time in my life I was a committed field archaeologist and had only ever
read one book on theory. The book was Johnson’s Archaeological Theory: An Introduction and that was for a bet. From
this, the reader can easily guess that I eventually came down on the ‘anti’ side of the argument. All things considered, I felt that Newland et al. should have been had up for
bringing the profession into disrepute. While I know that I am not alone in
this assessment, I realise too that there are others firmly in favour of
‘contemporary archaeology’. The one thing we can all agree on is that this
excavation touched a nerve within the profession as over 5 years later it is a
regular topic of scorn/debate (see, for example, Stuart Rathbone’s excellent
Facebook Page: Campaign for Sensible Archaeology, where the topic has been
debated on a number of occasions).
Skip
ahead to 2012 … in March of this year I brought my faithful battle wagon, a
1998 Nissan Terrano with 135 thousand miles on the clock, in for its annual
pre-MOT service. Having made much money off me over the years, keeping it on
the road, my local mechanic informed me with great sadness that it just wasn’t
feasible to keep on repairing it. Basically, I would need to throw over a grand
at it just to have a chance of getting it to pass the MOT. Realising that the
inevitable was about to happen, I prepared myself for the loss of my dear
driving companion and veteran of many an excavation. As fate would have it,
around the same time I was browsing about on the web when I came across one of
the reports on the Transit Van excavation on the Archaeolog website. I probably
would never have made a connection between the two circumstances, had it not
been for one line in the Archaeolog post: “We are not planning on repeating
this exercise, but welcome any comments on what we have done, and where this
might lead.” It occurred to me that I was in a position to recreate a version
of this experiment and apply an archaeological methodology to recording the
contents of the Terrano and attempt to use my skills to interpret the data. I
describe the project as a ‘version’ of the Ford Transit experiment as I was not
going as far as to strip out seats and examine the contents of the engine and
filters – after all, I was hoping to get something for it as a trade-in, if only
for the scrap value! After a bit of thought, and weighing up the feasibility of
various recording schemes, I settled on a photographic survey as the best
combination of swift and affordable documentation, while still retaining a
relatively high level of detail.
Below
is a brief photographic catalogue of the ‘recovered artefacts’, followed by a
few thoughts on the experience.
Views
of the Terrano (front and rear) in its usual position, outside my house
After
a bad experience with a previous car, I always parked facing downhill. Thus,
this was my usual view from the driver’s seat before I left the house.
On
the dashboard we have Indiana Jones (left) in Egyptian costume from Raiders of the Lost Ark and ‘buddy Christ’ (right) from Dogma.
Tray
underneath handbrake: various pens, pencils (mostly 2H), eraser, asthma
inhaler. Coins are mostly euros, for the tolls, going south. Barbed &
tanged arrowhead is a modern reproduction, given to me by a former colleague.
It is wrapped in a red (Royal Mail) rubber band as I was bored in the car on
day.
Lidded
box behind handbrake: more pens, batteries, decorative horse brass, night
light, strong mints tin (holding more euro change), line level, various name
badges from conferences, Kung Fu Panda figurine, air fresheners, & assorted
kids toys.
Rear
seat with the children’s car seats and a copy of Dawkins’ Unweaving the Rainbow
(mine, not theirs). Hidden behind one of the seats is a Wordsworth Edition of Kipling’s collected verse.
Three
pairs of glasses, unevenly distributed over three classes cases.
An
edited children’s edition of Edgar Allen Poe. This was a gift from my parents
in the early 1980s. My mother found it and gave it back to me a couple of years ago,
but it never made it out of the car. It remains the only version of Poe’s
writings I’ve ever read. Super glue is for attaching the rear-view mirror – it had
a habit of being head butted and falling off.
Glove
compartment: jammed full of just about anything I could fit in it.
Contents
of the glove compartment included various road maps and an instruction manual
for a radio I never quite managed to get around to installing.
Gum,
Calpol, tomato ketchup, lip balm & a model of the Ark of the Covenant.
Yet
another line level.
A
shell, a plastic toy gun, a 5cm scale, a lone AA battery and a dirty kitchen
knife.
A
large quantity of repair bills – the Terrano was never cheap to keep on the
road.
A
collection of Vehicle Test Certs, Tax discs etc. – all useless things that I never
got around to getting rid of.
In
the side pocket of the driver’s door: the front portion of the radio I never
got around to installing.
Hanging
from the rear view mirror: a replica arrow head, bought in an airport with my
last few Canadian dollars, before I headed home.
Another
arrowhead, in obsidian, but I’m not quite sure where it came from.
A
bag of natural, water-rolled flint and a clay pipe stem from a forgotten day
monitoring.
Appropriately
messy boot space.
Finds
from the boot: spade, viz-vest, gloves, fire extinguisher, and a first aid kit.
Detail
of a broken speaker cover. Damage caused when a former colleague helped load up
the car with long tail shovels and then closed the door a little too
energetically.
The
Terrano in Newtownards, just prior to handing over the keys to the dealer.
Finally:
me! The archaeologist at the centre of all this!
Conclusions
I
started taking the photographs for this post in April 2012. It is now July and
I’m only now getting around to putting this piece together. Obviously, this is
partly to do with the fact that I’m pretty lazy and it often takes me long
periods of time to complete simple tasks. Beyond that, part of the reason it
has taken me this long is that, in my own head, these matters are still
unresolved. I am still unsure what this whole endeavour tells me. It has led me
to some serious introspection about my career in archaeology, as well as made
me think about the nature of archaeology and what we’re doing in the field,
what we’re finding, what we’re recording, and how we’re thinking about it. None
of this was expected, and the process is ongoing. All I can present for now are
some initial thoughts and tentative conclusions about what all of this means.
In
the first instance, this process has proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that I’m
pretty lazy when it comes to cleaning and tidying my car – this is, perhaps,
not a surprise to anyone who has worked with me. Beyond this, I wonder how ‘reliable’
this is as evidence about what I am like and what my interests are. For
example, there are books in the collection (Poe and Kipling) but they in no way
define my literary interests. The movie memorabilia (Dogma, Indiana Jones,
& Kung Fu Panda) are, arguably, closer to my personal tastes, but do not reflect
them exactly. For the record, I believe that the four greatest movies ever made
are Citizen Kane, The Deer Hunter, Casablanca, and The Princess Bride ( feel free
not to tell me why you think I’m wrong). The serious archaeological point
behind these rather trivial observations is that they make me question the
reliability of the evidence we excavate. Can we ever know how reliable our data
are as a proxy of the real thoughts and concerns of people in the distant past?
Can we reliably link the artefacts we excavate to genuine interests of these
long deceased people? In my instance, I don’t generally collect movie-related
toys, but my wife gave me a gift of the Dogma ‘Buddy Christ’ when I passed my
driving test. The panda was a toy in a ‘Happy Meal’, lost or discarded by my children.
As I appeared to be forming a collection of figures blu-tacked to the dash
board, the purchase of the Indiana Jones stuff from a bargain-bin seemed
somewhat inevitable. Now that I’ve explained it, it (hopefully) makes some
sense. However, the archaeologist of the future could be readily excused for
not jumping to the correct conclusion. If they’re not representative of my
favourite movies, could they not have been my ritual deposit of protective
travelling deities? Similarly, what am I doing with three arrowheads? How would
this be explained by the future archaeologist? Am I a warrior like the Amesbury Archer, or could these anachronistic pieces also be considered to be a ritual
collection?
In
all honesty, I’m probably not the best person to study me – being the analyst
and the analysed is probably an academic conflict of interest. However, all
through writing this piece, I’ve been thinking of a collection of essays called
The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History by the American historian, Robert Darnton (and
influenced by the work of anthropologist Clifford J. Geertz). The central essay
in the collection concerns the ‘massacre’ of cats by a group of printer’s
apprentices in 1730s Paris. While the killings were intended as a means of
revenge towards their masters (who fed the cats better than they did the
apprentices), there were some unusual features to the protest. In particular,
after an initial beating, the cats were put on trial by the apprentices. In
this mock court-room battle the felines where they were found guilty of
witchcraft and sentenced to death. Darnton’s methodology throughout the volume is
to examine such apparently aberrant behaviour (to our modern eyes). His intent is
to first break down our beliefs that these people were ‘just like us’, and then,
through examining these apparently discordant episodes, to get a deeper insight
into what the people of 18th century France were really like.
Darnton’s key point is these people – who lived only 280ish years ago – are culturally
alien to us and cannot be lightly thought of as being too similar to our modern
ways of seeing the world. They are not our contemporaries. They are not us in
fancy dress. A key thought that I, as an archaeologist, took away from this
book is that, considering the significant difficulties in understanding the worldviews
of the (archaeologically) recent – how much more open to misinterpretation are
those much more distant ancestors of the Bronze Age, Neolithic and Mesolithic?
In the same way, the collection of contents of my old car may be thought of as
providing a series of insights into my life, lifestyle, and (maybe even) worldview.
While the collection of line levels etc., combined with a viz-vest from a
commercial excavation company, may be correctly used to identify me as a field
archaeologist, other interpretations of the assemblage may be well off the
mark.
If
we are unable to reliably interpret the distant past and we are unable to
reliably interpret the archaeology of the present, what are we to do? Should we
burn our context sheets and smash our trowels, secure in the knowledge that all
possible interpretations of the past are ultimately wrong? It’s probably not a
surprise that I would argue the, no, we should not give up on the enterprise of
archaeology. However, we must go forward into our excavations and our interpretations
knowing that all our carefully thought-out theories and explanations are, in
the final analysis, in error and are failures. If there is to be hope to be had
in this conundrum, maybe it is to be found in the words of Samuel Beckett: “Try
Again. Fail again. Fail better”.
Reference:
Newland,
C., Bailey, G., Schofield, J. & Nilson, A. 2007 ‘Sic transit gloria mundi’ British Archaeology 92, 16-21.
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